What are the most effective ways to increase land value?

I've seen land value increases with the placement of Hospitals and Fire Houses, I assume parks do the same thing (though it seems like a much smaller increase). What are some effective ways I can get the most land value increase for my simoleon?

If you can expand your answer to discuss both early game increases (I don't have 150k to spend on expensive public works projects) and later in the game, that would be most helpful.